Die Hard series reference
In the "Those!" quest, after you and Brian Wilks arrive in Grayditch, he will tell you about his father and where his home is (other things may be asked though). After you agree to check if his father is alive, Brian will go into one of the radiation preservation shelters. When he enters, sooner or later the phrase "Now I know what a TV dinner feels like" can be heard. This is a reference to a line Bruce Willis mutters when he is crawling through an air conditioning vent in one of the Die Hard movies.
Fear Factory reference
Enter the museum, and examine the notice on the wall terminal to the far right. The text is about a virus infecting their Archetype, and at the end, it repeats parts of the song "Archetype" by Fear Factory: "the infection has been removed, the soul of this machine has improved."
Gone With The Wind reference
When you first arrive at the citadel and make your way to Scribe Jameson, you will tell her that you have found a "Brotherhood Of Steel Holotag". She will then say, "I have an offer for you." Scroll down to the bottom, and one of the replies will be "Frankly, I don't give a damn", which is a reference to Gone With The Wind.
Ozzy Osbourne reference
In the Underworld (located inside the Museum of History), there is a ghoul named "Mister Crowley". This is a reference to the "Mr.Crowley" song by Ozzy Osbourne.
Scrubs reference
In the Republic Of Dave, during the election, tell Dave's son, Bob, that he is not meant to lead. He will reply, "Oh yeah? Well... .er... So's your face!" This is a reference to an episode of the television show Scrubs where whenever Dr. John Dorian (JD) gets insulted, he only replies "So's your face!"
The Incredible Hulk reference
While searching for you, some robots can be overheard saying "Don't make me angry, you wouldn't like me when I'm angry." This is a line that David Banner says repeatedly in The Incredible Hulk.
Tommy James And The Shondells reference
At Paradise Falls, there are two slaves around Eulogy's Pad named Crimson and Clover. They are Eulogy Jones' bodyguards. This is a reference to the "Crimson And Clover" song by Tommy James And The Shondells.
Easy Karma level trophies
An easy way to get multiple "Reach level ? with ? Karma" trophies is to remain neutral for the duration of the game. When you are getting close to one of the notable trophy levels (8, 14, or 20), save the game. Then, turn evil or good by completing a quest for good Karma or murdering random characters for bad Karma. This will send you into the good or bad Karma statuses while giving you experience. Once you get the trophy for reaching a certain level with bad or good Karma, reload your saved game, and continue as usual with neutral actions. It is easiest to neutrally level somewhere with a lot of enemies, such as the D.C. area with Super Mutants, or subways or caves with Ghouls and Mirelurks. Note: Using this trick is easiest with a neutral/bad character because once you get close to reaching a notable level, you can just go to Megaton, Rivet City, or another major settlement and kill people to get experience. After leveling, reload the game, and no one will be mad at you.
Easy "Silver-Tongued Devil" trophy
Use the "Infinite XP" Speech trick to easily get the "Silver Tongued Devil" trophy.
Go to Little Lamplight at any point after you exit Vault 101. Get inside via Speech Challenge or rescuing other children from Paradise Falls. Go back to the "Great Chamber", and find Knock Knock. Ask her how she got her name. Have her tell you a joke. She only has one joke, and with a decent Intelligence, you can interrupt it for a better ending. Then, there is a Speech Challenge to convince her that it was a funny joke. Continuously cycle through the joke and Speech Challenge repeatedly. Because she is a child, the Speech challenge is not too difficult.